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Senegal wiki
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Infobox Country
native_name = ''République du Sénégal''
conventional_long_name = Republic of Senegal
|common_name = Senegal
image_flag = Flag of Senegal.svg
image_coat = Coat of arms of Senegal.svg
image_map = LocationSenegal.svg
national_motto = "Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi"(French)
"One People, One Goal, One Faith"
national_anthem = ''Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons''
official_languages = French
demonym = Senegalese
regional_languages = Wolof, Soninke, Seereer-Siin, Fula, Maninka, Diola,
capital = Dakar
latd=14 |latm=40 |latNS=N |longd=17 |longm=25 |longEW=W
largest_city = Dakar
government_type = Semi-presidential republic
leader_title1 = President
leader_name1 = Abdoulaye Wade
leader_title2 = Prime Minister
leader_name2 = Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye
area_rank = 87th
area_magnitude =
area_km2 = 196,723
area_sq_mi = 76,000
percent_water = 2.1
population_estimate = 13,711,597
population_estimate_rank = 67th
population_estimate_year = 2009
population_census = 9,967,215
population_census_year = 2002
population_density_km2 = 69.7
population_density_sq_mi = 180.4
population_density_rank = 134th
GDP_PPP = $22.346 billion
GDP_PPP_rank =
GDP_PPP_year = 2009
GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,743
GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
GDP_nominal_rank =
GDP_nominal = $12.738 billion
GDP_nominal_year = 2009
GDP_nominal_per_capita = $993
GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
sovereignty_type = Independence
established_event1 = from France
established_date1 = 4 April 1960
HDI = 0.464
HDI_rank = 166th
HDI_year = 2007
HDI_category = low
Gini = 41.3
Gini_year = 1995
Gini_category = medium
currency = CFA franc
currency_code = XOF
country_code =
time_zone = UTC
utc_offset =
time_zone_DST =
utc_offset_DST =
drives_on = right
cctld = .sn
calling_code = 221
footnotes =
Senegal''' (), is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. It owes its name to the river that borders it to the East and North and that originates from the Fouta Djallon in Guinea. Senegal is externally bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south; internally it almost completely surrounds The Gambia, namely on the north, east and south, exempting Gambia's short Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 km², and has an estimated population of about 14 million.The climate is tropical with two seasons: the dry season and the rainy season. Dakar, the capital city of Senegal, is located at the westernmost tip of the country on the Cap-Vert peninsula. About 300 miles off the coast, in the Atlantic Ocean, lie the Cape Verde Islands. During colonial times, numerous trading Counters, belonging to various colonial empires were established along the coast. The town of St Louis became the capital of French Western Africa (Afrique Occidentale Francaise, or AOF) before it was moved to Dakar in 1902. Dakar later became its capital in 1960 at the time of independence from France.
Etymology
The origin of the name Senegal is controversial. One possible source is in 1850 in the abbot David Boilat's ''Esquisses sénégalaises'' ("Senegalese Sketches"), one sees a deformation of the wolof phrase ''suñu gaal'', which means "our canoe". This is the version most often relayed in the media. This theory has been contested since the 1960s, and other etymologies have been advanced; for example, some state that the name is connected to that of a Berber tribe from the Sahara, the Zenaga. The scientific debate tends to favor the Zenaga theory today.History
Archaeological findings throughout the area indicate that Senegal was inhabited in prehistoric times. Eastern Senegal was once part of the Empire of Ghana. It was founded by the Tukulor in the middle valley of the Senegal River. Islam, the dominant religion in Senegal, first came to the region in the 11th century. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the area came under the influence of the empires to the east; the Jolof Empire of Senegal also was founded during this time. In the Senegambia region, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was enslaved. The first kingdoms were created around the 7th century, the Tekrour, the Namandirou kingdom and then the Djolof with distant ties to the Ghana empire. In the 14th century the Djolof kingdom became a powerful empire having regrouped the Cayor, the Baol, the Sine and Saloum, the Waalo, the Fouta-Toro and the Bambouk kingdoms. The empire was founded by Ndiadiane N’diaye who was able to form a coalition with many ethnicities but collapsed around 1549 with the defeat and killing of Lele Fouli Fak by Amari Ngone Sobel Fall. French colonialists progressively invaded and took over all kingdoms under their governor Louis Faidherbe. Islam was introduced in Senegal between the 8th and 9th century by Arab merchants. They peacefully converted the Toucouleurs and Sarakholles who in turn propagated it . Later on, in the 11th century, the Almoravids, with the help of the Toucouleurs used Jihad as a mean of conversion. This movement faced resistance from ethnicities of traditional religion and caused them to moved away further in the country (Sineisties) and to the South( Casamance). Eventually, Arabs won a peaceful conversion thanks to the intervention of leaders like Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba ,El Hadj Malick Sy, and Seydina Limamou Laye who were able to convince their followers. They saw Islam as a way to unite and fight against colonial power. The populations were getting weary of repeated jihads and forced colonization. Europeans missionaries introduced Christianity to the Sine and Casamance in the 19th century. An emblematic figure of Casamance is Aline Sitoe Diatta, a woman who led the resistance movement against European colonialists. It was only in the 1850s that the French began to expand onto the Senegalese mainland (by now rid of slavery and promoting abolitionist doctrine), adding native chiefdoms such as Waalo, Cayor, Baol, and Jolof. Senegalese chiefs' resistance to the French expansion and curtailing of their lucrative slave trade was led in part by Lat-Dior, Damel (great chief) of Cayor. In January 1959 Senegal and the French Sudan merged to form the Mali Federation, which became fully independent on 20 June 1960, as a result of the independence and the transfer of power agreement signed with France on 4 April 1960. Due to internal political difficulties, the Federation broke up on August 20. Senegal and French Sudan (renamed the Republic of Mali) proclaimed independence. Léopold Senghor was proclaimed Senegal's first president in September 1960. Senghor was a very well read man, educated in France. He was a poet, a philosopher and personally drafted the Senegalese national anthem, "Pincez tous vos koras frappez les balafons". As such he was not really a politician but was handed the presidency by the French authorities who saw in him a brilliant and peaceful man and not a revolutionary like Ahmed Sekou Toure of the neighboring Guinea Later after the breakup of the Mali Federation, President Senghor and Prime Minister Mamadou Dia governed together under a parliamentary system. Senghor always feared his Prime Minister who was a very charismatic figure and a hard liner. In December 1962 he accused him of an attempted coup and Dia was wrongfully convicted of treason and briefly jailed. Senegal adopted a new constitution that consolidated the president's power. In 2006, the current president Abdoulaye Wade vacated the conviction and bestowed upon him a Medal of Honor. In 1980 President Senghor decided to retire from politics, and he handed power over in 1981 to his handpicked successor, Abdou Diouf. Mamadou Dia ran for reelection in 1983 against Abdou Diouf but lost. Senghor moved to France where he later died at the age of 96 having been married to a French woman. Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia on 1 February 1982. However, the union was dissolved in 1989. Despite peace talks, a southern separatist group in the Casamance region had clashed sporadically with government forces since 1982. Senegal has had a long history of participating in international peacekeeping. Abdou Diouf was president between 1981 and 2000. He encouraged broader political participation, reduced government involvement in the economy, and widened Senegal's diplomatic engagements, particularly with other developing nations. Domestic politics on occasion spilled over into street violence, border tensions, and a violent separatist movement in the southern region of the Casamance. Nevertheless, Senegal's commitment to democracy and human rights strengthened. Diouf served four terms as president. In the presidential election of 1999, opposition leader Abdoulaye Wade defeated Diouf in an election deemed free and fair by international observers. Senegal experienced its second peaceful transition of power, and its first from one political party to another. On 30 December 2004 President Abdoulaye Wade announced that he would sign a peace treaty with the separatist group in the Casamance region. This, however, has yet to be implemented. There was a round of talks in 2005, but the results did not yet yield a resolution.Politics
, current president of Senegal Senegal is a republic with a presidency; the president is elected every five years as of 2001, previously being seven years, by adult votes. The current president is Abdoulaye Wade, re-elected in March 2007. Senegal has more than 80 political parties. The bicameral parliament consists of the National Assembly, which has 120 seats, and the Senate, which has 100 seats and was reinstituted in 2007. An independent judiciary also exists in Senegal. The nation's highest courts that deal with business issues are the constitutional council and the court of justice, members of which are named by the president. Currently Senegal has a democratic political culture, being one of the more successful post-colonial democratic transitions in Africa. Local administrators are appointed by, and responsible to, the president. The marabouts, religious leaders of the various Senegalese Muslim brotherhoods, also exercise a strong political influence in the country. In 2009, however, Freedom House downgraded Senegal's status from 'Free' to 'Partially Free', based on increased centralisation of power in the executive. In 2008, Senegal finished in 10th position on the Ibrahim Index of African Governance. The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of sub-Saharan African governance, based on a number of different variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to its citizens. In 2009, Senegal's ranking slipped substantially, to 17th but rose to 3rd out of the original 53 countries in 2008. place; however, this is partially accounted for by the addition of Northern African nations to the rankings.Geography
Senegal is located on the west of the African continent. The Senegalese landscape consists mainly of the rolling sandy plains of the western Sahel which rise to foothills in the southeast. Here is also found Senegal's highest point, an otherwise unnamed feature near Nepen Diakha at . The northern border is formed by the Senegal River, other rivers include the Gambia and Casamance Rivers. The capital Dakar lies on the Cap-Vert peninsula, the westernmost point of continental Africa. The Cape Verde islands lie some south of the "Pointe des Almadies", the western-most point in Africa.Climate
The local climate is tropical with well-defined dry and humid seasons that result from northeast winter winds and southwest summer winds. Dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind. Dakar's annual rainfall of about . and rainfall increases substantially farther south, exceeding .Administrative divisions
Senegal is subdivided into 14 regions, Regional capitals have the same name as their respective regions:Columns
col1 =
Dakar
Diourbel
Fatick
Kaffrine
Kaolack
Kédougou
Kolda
col2 =
Louga
Matam
Saint-Louis
Sédhiou
Tambacounda
Thiès
Ziguinchor
Major cities
Senegal's capital of Dakar is by far the largest city in Senegal, with over two million residents.cite web
url = http://www.ansd.org/SES2005.pdf
title = Situation économique et sociale du Sénégal
author = Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie
publisher = Government of Senegal
language = French
format= PDF
year = 2005
accessdate = 2008-11-18
The second most populous city is Touba, a ''de jure'' ''communaute rurale'' (rural community), with half a million.
cite web
url = http://popofcities.com/senegalCITY.htm
title = Cities in Senegal
last = Forsberg
first = Jan
accessdate = 2008-11-18
_
See also
Columns
width = 260px
gap = 10px
col1 =
Agriculture in Senegal
Telecommunications in Senegal
Confédération Sénégalaise du Scoutisme
Education in Senegal
Foreign relations of Senegal
Geological maps of Senegal
col2 =
Military of Senegal
Music of Senegal
Senegal national football team
Transport in Senegal
Cheikh Anta Diop University University of Dakar
References
External links
; GovernmentGouvernement du Sénégal—Official governmental website
Embassy of the Republic of Senegal in London government information and links
Observatoire sur les systèmes d'information, réseaux et inforoutes
[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-s/senegal.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] ; General information
Niokobok :News, e-Tourism, Volunteers, NGOs and Fair trade at Senegal
Country Profile from BBC News
Senegal from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
UN Map on Senegal
Information on Senegal ; News
SenRegal News, Music from Senegal
Seneweb news
SenActu news headline links
News headline links from AllAfrica.com
Links to Senegal newspapers from NewspaperIndex.com ; Tourism
Eco-tourism sites ; Other
Syklon Technologies: Société de Services en Ingenierie Informatique au Sénégal et offshore
Senegal business directory from ''Africa Phonebooks''
Senegalese literature at a glance
Cora Connection West African music resources
Senegal's ethnic groups
L'Afrique – Sénégal Hundreds of photographs and articles
Senegal Photos
Template group
title = Geographic locale
list =
Template group
title = International membership
list =
Template group
title = Languages
list =
fonte: Wikipedia
Senegal
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